Preheat oven to 350°F (175°C); grease and line a 9-inch baking pan.
Cream butter and brown sugar until fluffy.
Beat in eggs one at a time, then add espresso, sour cream, and vanilla.
In a separate bowl, combine flour, baking soda, baking powder, and salt.
Gradually mix dry into wet ingredients.
Pour half the batter into the pan, spread half the caramel, then add the remaining batter.
Bake 40–45 minutes. Drizzle remaining caramel on top before serving.